DynamoDB Item-Based Actions: GetItem, PutItem, UpdateItem, DeleteItem

DynamoDB's API splits into three families: item-based actions that work on a single item by its primary key, Query which reads a range within one partition, and Scan which reads everything. This guide is the first family — the four operations you use most: GetItem, PutItem, UpdateItem, DeleteItem. They're the cheapest, fastest calls DynamoDB offers, and getting their distinctions right (especially Put vs Update) prevents a class of accidental-data-loss bugs.

What are DynamoDB's item-based operations?

DynamoDB's item-based operations are the four calls that act on a single item by its full primary key: GetItem reads it, PutItem creates or completely replaces it, UpdateItem modifies specific attributes in place, and DeleteItem removes it. Each addresses exactly one item, making them the fastest, cheapest calls — unlike Query and Scan, which read many.

• GetItem — read one item by its full primary key.
• PutItem — create or completely replace one item.
• UpdateItem — create or modify specific attributes of one item in place.
• DeleteItem — remove one item by its full primary key.
• All four require the complete primary key (partition key, plus sort key if the table has one) — they address exactly one item.
• PutItem overwrites the whole item; UpdateItem is surgical — confusing them is how attributes silently disappear.

The defining trait: one item, full key

Every item-based action targets a single item by its complete primary key. That's what makes them fast and cheap — DynamoDB hashes the partition key, goes straight to the item, done. No filtering, no scanning. If you don't know the full key, these aren't the right tool; that's what Query and Scan are for.

Say you run user accounts keyed by USER#<id>:

PK: USER#204   email, displayName, plan, createdAt

• GetItem on USER#204 → that user, directly.
• DeleteItem on USER#204 → removes that user.

Both need the exact key. No key, no item-based action.

PutItem vs UpdateItem — the one that bites

This is the distinction worth internalising:

• PutItem writes the entire item. If USER#204 already exists and you PutItem with just {email, displayName}, the existing plan and createdAt attributes are gone — a put replaces the whole item, it doesn't merge.
• UpdateItem changes only what you name. UpdateItem with a SET email = … leaves every other attribute untouched, and creates the item if it didn't exist (an upsert).

Rule of thumb: reach for UpdateItem to change an existing item, and use PutItem only when you genuinely mean "write this item as the complete new state." Both PutItem and UpdateItem accept a condition expression so you can make the write conditional ("only if it doesn't already exist").

Item-based actions in DynoTable

Want the raw API calls behind these actions? Assemble the expressions and typed value maps in the DynamoDB expression builder, and convert a plain-JSON item into the API's typed format with the DynamoDB JSON converter.

In DynoTable, that same work is visual: open an item in the grid to read it (a GetItem), edit attributes and commit (an UpdateItem), add or replace a row (a PutItem), or delete one — one item at a time.

Pitfalls + next steps

• PutItem replaces the whole item — to change a few fields without losing the rest, use UpdateItem.
• You must know the full primary key — no key means Query/Scan, not an item action.
• Many items at once? Don't loop these one by one — batch operations fold them into fewer round trips.
• Need the old/new value back? Set ReturnValues instead of a follow-up GetItem.
• Related: query vs scan covers the read-many side.

Want to read, write, and delete items without writing a line of API code? Download DynoTable and work with your tables directly.